Radical Nephrectomy
A radical nephrectomy is a procedure to remove cancer in and around one of the kidneys. The surgeon removes the kidney, ureter (the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder), and surrounding connective tissue, lymph nodes, and adrenal gland. Depending on the reason for a nephrectomy, all or part of one kidney or both kidneys can be removed:
Radical Cystectomy
Radical cystectomy is considered to be the gold standard for treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer.
A radical cystectomy is a surgical procedure for the treatment of bladder cancer. The surgery involves making an incision in the lower abdomen and removing the bilateral pelvic lymph nodes, bladder, and in men the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, and in women the uterus and ovaries if present. In some cases, the urethra is also removed. The purpose is to remove all of the bladder cancer.
After the removal of the bladder, the ureters (tubes that drain the kidneys) are re-routed into one of the possible sites:
1). Ileal Conduit- A small segment of small intestine (ileum) is separated from the rest of the bowel. The ureters are sewn to one end of this tube of ileum. The other end of the ileal conduit is sewn to the abdominal wall. The opening on the skin is called a urostomy (drains only urine, not stool). The patient has to wear an ostomy appliance (bag that holds the urine).
2). Indiana Pouch- A portion of small and large intestines are separated from the rest of the bowel. They are sewn together to form a large pouch. Ureters are sewn to this pouch and the opening is constructed from the pouch to the abdominal wall skin. The opening is small and requires no bag. A catheter is passed into the opening on the abdominal wall in order to empty the pouch when it is full of urine.
3).
Neo-bladder- A portion of small and/or large intestines are separated from the rest of the bowel. They are sewn together to form a large pouch. The ureters are sewn to the pouch, and the pouch is sewn to the urethra
The procedure to be undertaken depends on the patient may vary depending on age, overall health status, and extent of the cancer.
Radical Orchidectomy
Cancer of the testis usually affects young men and often appears as a
painless swelling or lump in one of the 2 testicles. Biopsies are not performed when this cancer is suspected because there is a risk of cancer cells spreading to healthy tissue.
Radicalorchidectomy is an effective treatment for this condition. It is a
straightforward procedure, carried out under general anaesthesia and takes
about 30 minutes to perform. A small incision is made just above the groin on the side of the affected testicle. It involves complete removal of the testicle on that side.
Radical Retroperitonial Lymph Node Dissection (RPLND)
Testicular cancer usually spreads via a very predictable route through the lymph nodes upwards to the lungs, and then outward to the liver, brain, and elsewhere. The affected lymph nodes are called the "retroperitoneal lymph nodes" and they are located behind all of the major organs in the belly, basically between the kidneys and along the vena cava and aorta.
An RPLND is an operation where the lymph nodes surrounding the aorta on the back wall of the abdomen (Para-aortic) are removed in order to:
Penile Amputation and Reconstruction
The exact cause of cancer of the penis is unknown. Some skin conditions that affect the penis can go on to develop into cancer if they are left untreated. If you notice white patches, red scaly patches, or red moist patches of skin on your penis, it is important to see your doctor so that you can get any treatment that you need.
Cancer of the penis is not infectious and cannot be passed on to other people. It is not caused by an inherited faulty gene and so other members of your family are not likely to develop it.
Inguinal Block Dissection
Inguinal block dissection is a necessary component in the treatment of certain cancers.
This inguinal block dissection is required when a person is diagnosed with a malignant condition and advised to have some of the lymph nodes removed from the groin. This is necessary for two reasons:
- To control progression of the cancer in the groin.
- To stage the disease accurately.
In doing this, appropriate advice and treatment can be given to the patient.
Urinary Diversion
Urinary diversion is a term used when the bladder is removed or the normal structures are being bypassed and an opening is made in the urinary system to divert urine. The flow of urine is diverted through an opening in the abdominal wall. Individuals who might require urinary diversion would be those whose bladders were non-functional or needed to be removed either because of cancer or injury.
